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Sicily was controlled or settled at various times by Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Saracens, Normans and Spaniards.  This view is Monreale, in the north, east of Palermo. The island of Sicily has a central location in the Mediterranean Sea which has made it the most conquered region in Italy, and perhaps the world.  Even the Normans who ruled England also went to Sicily.  Despite the violence of the Middle Ages, today we can recognize that era in Sicily as providing an example of cross-cultural cooperation which is to be admired.  Islam, Judaism, Greek Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism lived in tandem and with tolerance during most of that period.  The different religious and cultural groups poured the best work of various artistic traditions in to the building of Monreale Cathedrale, about 8 miles outside of Palermo. Bonnano of Pisa cast the bronze doors in 1185 A Norman ruler, William II (1154-89), built Monreale Cathedral between 1174 and 1185. When the Roman...

   Semen Fridliand, Die kaüfliche Presse (The Venal Press ) 1929 halftone reproduction,  6 1/4 x 8 1/4 in. (16 x 21 cm)   National Gallery of Art Library, David K.E. Bruce Fund   At least four exhibitions on the Mall, at the National Gallery of Art and Hirshhorn Museum, take a look at printed word in painting and other art forms of the past century.  Chronologically, these exhibits begin with the avant-garde artists of circa 1910 at the National Gallery of Art's "Shock of the News" exhibition.  They end with today's leading provocateur-artist, Ai Weiwei of China, at the Smithsonian's contemporary art museum, the Hirshhorn.   So we search for the meaning of the word in art.    Jean-Léon Gérôme, O Pti Cien, 1902, is an academic style In 1902, Jean-Léon Gérôme, a leading academic artist of the day, painted O PTI CIEN, a puppy wearing a monacle. The letters suggest a reading of "au petit chien" ("at the little dog"), which would...